Hajj & Umrah

According to the Quran, Hajj is a definite and final requirement, as mentioned in the following verse:

فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ مَقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ

There are clear signs in it, such as Abraham's standing spot. And everybody who enters it will be safe. And a trip to the House is [owed] to Allah by the people—for whoever can find a path there. But whoever disbelieves, Allah is indeed free from the necessity of the world.

[Surah Aal Imran, 3:97]

This verse emphasizes the requirement of Hajj while stating that sincerity of intention and the ability to execute the travel are also required for conducting Hajj. The verse also implies that rejecting the requirement of Hajj is equivalent to disbelief.

According to the majority of scholars, Hajj was prescribed in the sixth year after Hijrah with the revelation of the following verse:

وَأَتِمُّوا الْحَجَّ وَالْعُمْرَةَ لِلَّهِ

And perform Hajj and Umrah for Allah.

[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:196]

Other scholars believe that Hajj was declared mandatory in the ninth or tenth year of Hijrah.

Hadith

Other Hadiths mention the requirement of Hajj. According to Abu Huraira رضی اللہ عنہ, 

Allah's Messenger ﷺ approached us and said, 'O people, Allah has made Hajj obligatory on you, therefore do Hajj.'

According to Abdullah ibn Abbas رضی اللہ عنہ, 

A woman from the Khath'am tribe came in the year (of Hajjat al-Wada of the Prophet ﷺ) and said: 

'O Allah's Messenger ﷺ! My father has fulfilled Allah's command to perform Hajj. However, he is quite old and cannot sit correctly on his saddle. Will I fulfill his responsibility if I perform Hajj on his behalf?" The Prophet ﷺ responded positively.

This narrative emphasizes not just the necessity of Hajj but also that if an individual is unable to undertake Hajj himself, he must select someone to do so in his place.

The benefits of Hajj are numerous, as are the Hadiths on it.

Hajj Purges Sins

According to Abu Huraira رضی اللہ عنہ,:

The Messenger  ﷺ of Allah said, 'Whoever performs Hajj for Allah's sake and does not speak obscenely or do acts of impiety, he comes home clean of sin like the day his mother gave birth to him.

According to Abdullah ibn Masud رضی اللہ عنہ

The Prophet ﷺ said: 'Alternate between Hajj and Umrah (regularly), for these two eliminate poverty and sins much as the blacksmith's bellows remove all impurities from iron, gold, and silver,'. Except for Paradise, there is no compensation for performing an acceptable Hajj (Hajj Mabrur).

Amr ibn al-'As رضی اللہ عنہ said, 

when Allah instilled in me a passion for Islam, I went to the Prophet ﷺ and said, 'O Prophet of Allah! 'Extend your hand so I can vow my devotion to you.' The Prophet ﷺ extended his hand towards me, but I withdrew mine. 'O Amr!' asked the Prophet ﷺ. 'What's the deal with you?' 'I would like to express a condition!' I said.'What is it?' inquired the Prophet. 'That all my past misdeeds be forgiven!' I exclaimed. The Prophet ﷺ exclaimed, 'O 'Amr! Do you know that Islam purges all past sins, that migration purges all sins, and that Hajj purges all past sins?

Paradise is the Reward for Performing Hajj Mabrur (accepted Hajj).

Abu Huraira's رضی اللہ عنہ  reports

All sins incurred between the accomplishment of one Umrah and the next are expiated and removed, according to I. And the only reward for a Hajj Mabrur is heaven.

The terms "Hajj Mabrur" and "Hajj Maqbul" are sometimes used interchangeably and translated as "accepted" however, there is a distinction between the two.

• Hajj Maqbul is a pilgrimage in which all obligations and requirements are fulfilled without any minor or major expiation, completing the Hajj commitment.
•  Hajj Mabrur is a sinless pilgrimage blessed with divine approbation and delight.

Hajj Mabrur includes Hajj Maqbul, although Hajj Maqbul does not always include Hajj Mabrur. If a pilgrim avoids minor and severe Hajj infractions but displeases his Lord by indulging in wicked behavior, he may get Hajj Maqbul. Still, his prospects of obtaining Hajj Mabrur are jeopardized.

Hasan al-Basri رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ defined Hajj Mabrur.

"Hajj Mabrur is that Hajj after which an aversion for the material worldly life is created and an inclination to the hereafter is brought about." 

A Protection Against Punishment

According to Aisha رضی اللہ عنہ, the Prophet ﷺ said: 

"There is no day on which Allah saves more of his servants from the fire of hell than the Day of Arafat." He approaches the angels and praises them, saying, 'What do my slaves want?

One of the Finest Acts

According to Abu Huraira رضی اللہ عنہ :

'What is the best deed?' inquired the Prophet ﷺ. He responded, 'To have faith in Allah and His Messenger.' 'What next?' inquired the inquirer. The Prophet ﷺ

stated, 'To strive in the cause of Allah.' 'What is the next best thing?' he was asked. He said, 'To conduct Hajj Mabrur'.

A Type of Jihad

According to Aisha رضی اللہ عنہ, she once said, 

'O Prophet of Allah! Jihad (striving or battling for Allah's sake) is the best deed. Should we (women) then refrain from actively participating in it?' The Prophet ﷺ responded, saying, 'The best Jihad for you is Hajj Mabrur.

According to Abu Huraira رضی اللہ عنہ

“ Jihad for the elderly, young, feeble, and women is Hajj and Umrah”.

Pilgrims are Allah's Guests.

Abu Huraira  رضی اللہ عنہ, narrates

The Prophet ﷺ of Allah stated, 'The guests of Allah, the Mighty, and Sublime, are three: the warrior, the pilgrim conducting Hajj, and the pilgrim performing Umrah.'

He further says that the Prophet ﷺ of Allah said, 'Pilgrims are Allah's guests; if they supplicate, Allah will answer their supplications; if they ask pardon, Allah will forgive them.'

A pilgrim may perform one of three forms of Hajj, each with its own criteria, but all entail the same rites and acts of worship. You may perform any of the three types of Hajj.

Hajj Al-Tamattu 

Hajj al-Tamattu entails conducting Umrah during the months of Hajj (Shawwal, Dhul Qadah, and Dhul Hijjah), generally a few days before the journey begins, before carrying out the rites of Hajj. 

"Tamattu" means "pleasure" since the pilgrim has the added benefit of conducting Hajj and Umrah on the same tour without returning home. Furthermore, after leaving the Ihram following Umrah, the pilgrim is free to live their everyday life until the state of Ihram is assumed again for Hajj. 

• Most pilgrims attend Hajj al-Tamattu, the simplest and most prevalent Hajj. It is often the pilgrimage of choice for Afaqi or pilgrims traveling to Makkah from other parts of the world. 
• This form of Hajj is made up of two distinct intentions. An intention for Umrah is made before crossing the Miqat, whereas an intention for Hajj is made in Makkah after the Umrah has been accomplished. 
•  A Mutamatti is a pilgrim who does Hajj al-Tamattu.
• According to the Hanafi school of thought, Individuals from Makkah are discouraged from performing this style of Hajj. However, it is still considered acceptable.

Hajj Al-Qiran

Hajj al Qiran entails performing Umrah and Hajj simultaneously throughout the Hajj season, with only one intention and Ihram for both. It is considered the most challenging type of Hajj because it demands the pilgrim observe the Ihram prohibitions for a longer time than the other two types. 

During Hajjat al-Wada, the Prophet ﷺ performed Hajj al-Qiran. 

• This style of Hajj consists of a single intention made before crossing the Miqat. 
• A Qarin is a pilgrim who conducts Hajj al-Qiran. 
• According to the Hanafi school of thought, Individuals from Makkah are discouraged from performing this style of Hajj. However, it is still considered acceptable.

The Hajj Al-Ifrad

Those who regularly visit the Kaaba, such as Makkah residents, perform Hajj al-Ifrad during the Hajj season without performing Umrah. Pilgrims conducting Hajj al-Ifrad typically come a few days before the first day of Hajj (8th of Dhul Hijjah), while pilgrims performing the other two categories typically arrive a few days later.

• This style of Hajj consists of a single intention with the only objective of undertaking Hajj without Umrah. 
• A Mufrid is a pilgrim who conducts Hajj al-Ifrad. 
• This manner of conducting Hajj is excellent for Makkah residents and those residing inside the Miqat limits.

The Most Popular and Preferred Types of Hajj

Which of the three types of Hajj is superior, according to the four Sunni schools of thought?

• The Hanafi school considers al-Qiran to be the best, while al-Tamattu is superior to al-Ifrad. 
• The Shafi'i school considers al-Ifrad is the best, while al-Tamattu is superior to al-Qiran.
• Al-Tamattu is the greatest, according to the Hanbali school.
• According to Maliki school, al-Ifrad is the best.

Tawaf is a holy act designed to bring the pilgrim closer to Allah spiritually. It is the only major rite of Hajj and Umrah that is not explicitly related to acts of worship performed by the Prophet Ibrahim عليه السلام in ancient times. Numerous interpretations of Tawaf aim to demonstrate its significance:

Ma'mur al-Bayt

According to one view, as pilgrims conduct Tawaf around the Kaaba, they do it in unison with the angels who circumambulate al-Bayt al-Ma'mur (the Frequented House) in the celestial realm. Allah states: 

وَالطَّورِ- وَكِتَـبٍ مُّسْطُورٍ- فِى رَقّ مَّنْشُورٍ- وَالْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ

By the ridge. And [by] an inscribed Book. On a piece of paper that has been spread open. And [by] the frequently visited House.

[Surah at-Tur, 52:1-4]

In his Tafsir, Ibn Kathir رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ  talks about al-Bayt al-Ma'mur as follows:

According to the two Sahihs, the Prophet ﷺ of Allah said in the Hadith regarding al-Isra after ascending to the seventh heaven: 'Then, I was transported to al-Bayt al-Ma'mur. Every day, it is visited by seventy thousand angels who will never return.' The angels worship Allah at Al-Bayt Al-Ma'mur and perform Tawaf around it, just as the people of the earth do. The Kaaba of those who live in the seventh heaven is Al-Bayt al-Ma'mur. During the Isra trip, the Prophet ﷺ came across Ibrahim عليه السلام, who was lying back on al-Bayt al-Ma'mur. Ibrahim was the one who created the Kaaba on Earth, and the compensation must be commensurate with the action. Al-Bayt al-Ma'mur is similar to the Kaaba in that each heaven has its building of worship, which also serves as the direction of prayer for its inhabitants. Bayt al-Izzah is the name of the mansion in the lower heaven. And Allah is the most knowledgeable.

The Kaaba is thought to be a reflection of al-Bayt al-Ma'mur in the seventh heaven, and the pilgrims' Tawaf is thought to be a reflection of the angels.

The Universe in Motion

Another explanation connects Tawaf to the orbital motions of celestial bodies. Allah says: 

وَهُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ ۖ كُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ

And He is the One Who created the night and the day, as well as the sun and the moon, each in their own orbit.

[Surah al-Ambiya, 21:33]

This passage confirms the scientific truth that the sun and moon are in orbit; we know that the moon rotates around the earth once a month, and the earth revolves around the sun once a year. This circular motion, however, is not limited to the planetary system but extends throughout the cosmos, from the smallest atoms to the most marvelous galaxies.

Electrons within an atom orbit the center, known as the nucleus, in an anti-clockwise direction, according to modern physics. Some of these atoms are so tiny that they are invisible under a microscope. Similarly, our solar system orbits the galaxy, while galaxies orbit their own central axis. Because everything comprises atoms in constant orbital motion, we might conclude that circling a center point, or Tawaf, is a cosmic law. All of these systems are subject to the will of Allah, who created and manages them.

Similarly, when Tawaf is performed, pilgrims participate in this cosmic ritual in the same way that atoms and galaxies do in their submission to Allah's will.

The Kaaba represents the world's spiritual center, the spiritual axis around which the believer's compass rotates and turns on a daily basis. In the following passage, Allah refers to the Kaaba as the Sacred House, underlining its significance as a symbol of human connection with the divine:

جَعَلَ اللَّهُ الْكَعْبَةَ الْبَيْتَ الْحَرَامَ قِيَامًا لِلنَّاسِ وَالشَّهْرَ الْحَرَامَ وَالْهَدْيَ وَالْقَلَائِدَ ذَٰلِكَ لِتَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ

Allah established the Kaaba, the Sacred House, as a symbol for the people and [sanctified] the sacred months, sacrificial animals, and garlands [by which they are distinguished]. That is so you will understand that Allah knows what is in the heavens and what is on earth and that Allah is all-knowing.

[Surah al-Ma’idah, 5:97]

The circumambulation of the Kaaba is a continuous act of worship that occurs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Except for a few minutes during the five daily required prayers, it never stops. This act of Tawaf emphasizes the worship of a single God; just as every orbit has a single point of contact, only one God deserves worship.

Tawaf is classified into five types:

Tawaf al-Qudum (Tawaf of Arrival)

Tawaf al-Qudum is the first Tawaf performed upon entering Masjid al-Haram in Makkah by individuals traveling from outside the Miqat limits to conduct Hajj al-Qiran or Hajj al-Ifrad. Ihram is worn during Tawaf al-Qudum, and Idtiba and Raml may be observed. This Tawaf is regarded as Sunnah.

Tawaf al-Qudum (Tawaf of arriving) is done upon arriving in Makkah. It is also called Tawaf al-Tahiyyah (Tawaf of Greeting) because it serves a similar purpose to the two Rakah prayers known as Tahiyyat al-Masjid (Mosque Greeting) that is observed upon entering the mosque.

It should be performed by Hajj al-Ifrad and Hajj al-Qiran pilgrims after entering Makkah and before Wuquf at Arafat no later than the 9th of Dhul Hijjah. Umrah travelers do not execute this Tawaf but instead observe Tawaf al-Umrah, which is identical save for the intention.

Tawaf al-Ziyarah (Tawaf of Visitation), also known as Tawaf al-Ifadah (Tawaf of Pouring Forth), 

All Hajj pilgrims perform on the 10th of Dhul Hijjah after leaving Ihram and changing into regular clothing before traveling to Mina to perform Rami al-Jamarat. Marriage is prohibited until this Tawaf is finished.

It is known as Tawaf al-Ziyarah (Tawaf of Visitation) because it is conducted after leaving Mina to visit the Kaaba. It is also known as Tawaf al-Ifadah (Tawaf of Pouring Forth) because pilgrims stream from Mina into Makkah. It is sometimes called Tawaf al-Hajj because all law schools agree it is a Rukn of the Hajj.

Tawaf al-Wida (the Farewell Tawaf), also known as Tawaf al-Sadr (the Tawaf of Leaving).

Hajj travelers practice this immediately before departing Makkah after completing the Hajj. It is the final ceremony done in Makkah before proceeding to the next destination. According to the Hanafi and Hanbali schools, its performance is Wajib, requiring Fidyah as atonement if not observed. However, the Maliki school sees it as a Sunnah, requiring no atonement if omitted.

Tawaf al-Umrah

People who plan to perform Hajj al-Tamattu and those who perform Umrah outside of the Hajj season perform this Tawaf. It is a mandatory rite, and failure to perform it renders the Umrah void. Ihram is worn at Tawaf al-Umrah, and Idtiba and Raml may be performed. Following that, Umrah Sa'i is conducted.

Al-Nafl Tawaf

This is a voluntary Tawaf that can be performed whenever and as frequently as you want.

Raml and Idtiba

It is Sunnah to conduct Idtiba and Raml during Tawaf if you are performing Tawaf al-Umrah outside of the Hajj season or as part of Hajj al-Tamattu, or Tawaf al-Qudum as part of Hajj al-Qiran or Hajj al-Ifrad. In other words, if Sa'i, Idtiba, and Raml follow your Tawaf, you should pay attention. Only male pilgrims are subject to this practice.

Idtiba

The practice of uncovering the right shoulder during Tawaf is called Idtiba. Pass the top sheet of your Ihram (Rida) under your right armpit and hang it from your left shoulder. For the length of the Tawaf, your right shoulder will be exposed. According to Ya'la ibn Umayyah رضی اللہ عنہ, the Prophet ﷺ did Idtiba during the Hajjat al-Wida:

The Prophet ﷺ of Allah circumambulated the House (the Kaaba) while wearing a green Yamani mantle under his right armpit and the end over his left shoulder.

Raml 

Raml is the practice of walking fast (rather than sprinting or jogging), lifting one's legs forcibly, and thrusting out one's chest while moving one's shoulders to simulate a warrior. Sunnah will do this for the first three rounds before returning to an average walking pace for the remaining four. The custom began in the seventh year of Hijri when the Prophet ﷺ and his companions visited Makkah to perform Umrah. According to Abdullah ibn Abbas رضی اللہ عنہ, 

“when Allah's Messenger ﷺ and his companions arrived in Makkah, the pagans spread the word that a group of people were going to them and that they had been weakened by the Fever of Yathrib (Madinah). As a result, the Prophet ﷺinstructed his companions to perform Raml during the first three rounds of Tawaf and to walk between the two corners (Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn al-Yamani). Because he felt sorry for them, the Prophet ﷺ did not order them to do Raml in all the rounds of Tawaf.”

Because of the crowding, performing Raml may be difficult. If this is the case, walk as swiftly as possible while moving in the abovementioned method, or pause and look for spaces to do Raml properly.

You may see it in the second and third circuits if you neglect to build Raml in the first circuit and recollect in the second. It is Makruh's responsibility to make Raml from the fourth circuit onward, so if it is skipped in any of the first three rounds, it should not be completed in the later rounds.

Remember that while Raml's performance is admirable, it is not required. As a result, if you believe that performing Raml may bring harm to others, or if you are unable to do so owing to old age or disease, refrain from doing so.

In terms of qualifications, Tawaf is comparable to ritual prayer, except excessive movement and speech are permitted during its observance. According to Abdullah ibn Abbas رضی اللہ عنہ,

“ The Prophet ﷺ remarked, "Tawaf around the House is similar to Salah except that you may talk during it." So whoever speaks in it, speak only positive.

Purity

When doing Tawaf, it is required to be in Wudhu and devoid of all significant and small physical impurities. You should also ensure that your clothes are ritually pure and clean, while there is no penalty if impurities are discovered on your clothing during Tawaf. If your Wudhu is nullified during Tawaf, repeat the ablution and continue from where you left off, regardless of how long the pause was.

The Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools all say that a woman's Tawaf is not valid if she is substantially ritually impure because she is menstruating or bleeding after giving birth. Tawaf in a state of minor ritual impurity (requiring Wudhu) would necessitate the slaughter of a small animal as atonement, whereas Tawaf in a state of major ritual impurity (requiring Ghusl) would necessitate the sacrifice of a large animal such as a camel or cow as atonement. The Tawaf, on the other hand, is still regarded as genuine by this school.

Also, contact between a man and a non-Mahram woman, according to the Shafi'i school, invalidates the Wudhu. However, if you are constrained and believe that contact with women is unavoidable, you may join the Hanafi school of thought, which does not impose this rule.

Awrah Covering

During Tawaf, you must guarantee that your Awrah is covered. The Awrah for a male is any region of the body between the navel and the knees, but the Awrah for a woman is the complete body except for the face and hands.

Within the Confines of Masjid Al-Haram

The Tawaf must, of course, take place within the limits of Masjid al-Haram. Your Tawaf will still be legitimate whether pillars or walls obstruct your vision of the Kaaba or if you are on an elevated or below-ground level. Tawaf is not permitted outside the mosque.

On the Left is the Kaaba.

For the duration of the Tawaf, the Kaaba should be on your left. If you need to face the Kaaba to say Dua or perform Salah, take a step back before resuming your Tawaf and proceeding as usual. If you are knocked into a position facing the Kaaba, instantly rearrange yourself. 

If you have taken a number of steps while facing the Kaaba, you may return to where those erroneous steps were taken and proceed correctly. If this is not possible due to overcrowding, it is best to repeat the circuit. Slight changes in direction are unimportant.

Outside of the Kaaba

While performing Tawaf, you must be totally outside of the Kaaba, keeping in mind that part of its base extends beyond the Kaaba's cube construction. Hijr Ismail, located north of the Kaaba, approximately three meters from the tower and enclosed by a semi-circular wall (al-Hateem), is considered part of the Kaaba and must be avoided during Tawaf. 

You should walk around it instead of entering it, keeping it to your left. Similarly, the Shadharwan, a jutting lower building at the foot of the Kaaba that is situated on the east, west, and south walls and is roughly 3ft high, should not be touched. The Shadharwan is in charge of the rings that support the cloth that covers the Kaaba (Kiswah) and is a component of the Kaaba itself.

Intention

Each Tawaf should have a specific goal. Although the purpose for the mandatory Tawaf of Hajj or Umrah is incorporated in the intention for the pilgrimage, it is nonetheless recommended to express it vocally or in writing before beginning the Tawaf.

Begin and Finish at Hajar Al-Aswad.

The Tawaf must begin and end at the Hajar al-Aswad. If it begins elsewhere, the distance traveled will not be calculated until it reaches Hajar al-Aswad.

Seven Circuits have been Completed.

You should run seven circuits. Perform an extra circuit if you have doubts about the number of circuits completed during Tawaf. If you have any doubts after completing the Tawaf, put them aside and consider it a complete Tawaf.

Regardless of the type of Tawaf, all techniques of conducting it are the same. The ritual will be considered genuine and complete as long as the Tawaf requirements are met, as indicated above. The following step-by-step guide to doing Tawaf comprises Sunnah actions that a person may conduct during Tawaf. Although many of these activities are not compulsory, they are unquestionably noble because the Prophet ﷺ performed them. Don't worry if you can't do all these tasks due to crowding or other factors.

Beginning of Tawaf

When entering Masjid al-Haram, make sure you're in Wudhu and enter the Mataf, which is where Tawaf takes place. Perform Idtiba by revealing your right shoulder if your Tawaf requires it. When the Tawaf begins, the Talbiyah should be stopped.

Starting Point

Proceed to the Kaaba's corner, where the Hajar al-Aswad is located. This is the only corner with a single minaret (the other three corners have two minarets). A green light on the wall of the Masjid opposite the Kaaba shows where the Tawaf begins. This is the location at which each circuit begins. Stand directly in front of this starting position, facing the Kaaba.

Intention

Make an intention to perform Tawaf purely for the sake of Allah, just as you would any other act of worship. The following intentions could be expressed:

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ طَوَافَ بَيْتِكَ الْحَرَامِ فَيَسِّرْهُ لِيْ وَتَقَبَّلْهُ مِنِّيْ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-ṭawwafa baytika l-ḥarāmi fa yassirhu lī wa taqabbalhu minnī.

Accept it from me, O Allah, and make it simple to do Tawaf of the Sacred Mosque.

The intention does not have to be expressed verbally.

Touching, Kissing, or Saluting the Hajar Al-Aswad

• Kissing - If you can go close enough to the Hajar al-Aswad, place both hands on it, place your face between your hands, say "bismi llhi wallhu akbar (بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ )" and lightly kiss it. Some experts believe that if you have the opportunity, you should kiss it three times.
• Touching - If crowded, touch and kiss the Hajar al-Aswad with your hand(s). This is known as Istilam.
• Saluting - If it is not feasible to reach the stone, as is likely, do a symbolic Istilam from a distance. Face the Hajar al-Aswad directly and lift your hands to your earlobes (just as you would while beginning Salah). Make sure your palms are facing it as well as if your face and hands are on the Hajar al-Aswad, and say "bismi llhi wallhu akbar ( بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ )." If you like, you can kiss your palms after that.

The following supplication can also be read at the start of Tawaf or when first kissing, caressing, or honoring the Hajar al-Aswad:

سْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُمَّ إِيْمَاناً بِكَ وَتَصْدِيْقاً بِكِتَابِكَ، وَوَفَاءً بِعَهْدِكَ، وَاتِّبَاعاً لِسُنَّةِ نَبِيِّكَ مُحَمَّدْ

Bismi llāhi wa llāhu akbar, Allāhumma īmānan bika wa taṣdīqan bi kitābika wa wafā’an bi ahdika wattibā’an li sunnati nabiyyika Muḥammadin ﷺ.

Allah is the greatest in the name of Allah. O Allah, in response to Your faith, conviction in Your book, fulfillment of Your covenant, and admiration of Your Prophet's ﷺ Sunnah.

Notes

• Do not cause hardship for other pilgrims by attempting to force your way to Hajar al-Aswad.
• Perfume scents the Hajar al-Aswad, the Rukn al-Yamani, and the Multazam. If you come into contact with any of them while in Ihram, you may face a fine if the aroma is transferred to you.
•  Do not take a few steps back after performing Istilam; Tawaf must be resumed from when you kissed or saluted the Hajar al-Aswad.
• If there is a line to kiss the Hajar al-Aswad and you want to wait, line up before the first circuit begins or after the last circuit is completed, ensuring that you continually perform the Tawaf.

Begin the Tawaf

Turn to the right, keeping the Kaaba on your left, and start the first circuit of your Tawaf. Continue anti-clockwise, making sure to walk around the Hijr Ismail. If you walk through it, the circuit will not count and must be redone. If your Tawaf requires it, perform Raml if there is enough room.

During Tawaf 

Tawaf should be performed with profound humility, bearing in mind the magnificence of the Kaaba. Avoid needless and worldly discussion, as well as eating and drinking, during your Tawaf. Because Tawaf involves prayer, Imam Nawawi رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ  advises 

“Paying close attention to one's sincerity, devotion, presence of heart, and etiquette in one's visible and hidden actions, glances, demeanor, and manner. It is vital to observe all of its etiquettes and to fill one's heart with the sentiments of one performing the Tawaf of His dwelling.”

Dhikr and Dua

You may recite prayers and supplications during your Tawaf. Duas are accepted during Tawaf. Therefore, you can pray in any language and anyway you want. There are some Quranic and Prophetic supplications that you might memorize and study the meanings of. You may also recite the Quran and offer Salawat to the Prophet ﷺ. Making Tawaf without speaking any invocations is also considered worship. Imam Ibn Hibban رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ  commented on this, saying,

 "Specifying a Dua would take the moment away because with specific Duas, one will merely be repeating words, whereas this occasion is for any Dua and remembering one's Lord with humility and sincerity."

Salah for Tawaf

The Tawaf should be completed continuously, with no breaks between circuits. If a congregational prayer is about to begin, you must rejoin the assembly and resume your Tawaf from where you left off. The circuit does not need to be repeated. If you need to repeat your Wudhu, follow these instructions.

Al-Yamani, Rukn

Touch the Rukn al-Yamani (the Yemeni Corner), just before the Hajar al-Aswad, with both hands or your right hand if you are close enough. If you do get to touch it, recite "Allhu akbar ( الله أكبر, )" while you do so. If it's too busy, which is likely, avoid uttering Takbir or gesticulating towards it. Between the Rukn al-Yamani and the Hajar al-Aswad, it is Sunnah to say the following Dua:

رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ

Rabbanā ātinā fi d-dunyā ḥasanatan wafi l-ākhirati ḥasanatan wa qinā ‘adhāba n-nār.

“O our Lord, grant us the good of this world and the good of the Hereafter, and deliver us from the torment of fire.”

[Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:201]

Other Spots

Touching the other two corners of the Kaaba, known as Rukn al-Shami (the Syrian Corner) and Rukn al-Iraqi (the Iraqi Corner), is not Sunnah. According to Abdullah ibn Umar رضی اللہ عنہ,

"I have not seen the Apostle of Allah ﷺ touching anything of the House (the Kaaba) except the two Yamani corners (i.e. the Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn al-Yamani)."

The Prophet ﷺ did not touch these corners since they were not built on the foundations of the Kaaba that Ibrahim عليه السلام. initially built. The Hajar al-Aswad and the Rukn al-Yamani, on the other hand, were built on Ibrahim عليه السلام foundations.

Circuit Completion at Hajar Al-Aswad

One circuit is completed when you return to Hajar al-Aswad. After kissing, touching, or honoring the Hajar al-Aswad, as mentioned previously, begin the second circuit. At the end of each of the seven rounds of Istilam, you should recite "Allhu akbar (اللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ )" (rather than "bismi llhi wallhu akbar (بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ )" You will do Istilam eight times during the Tawaf, once before the Tawaf begins and once at the end of each of the seven circuits.

Finish the Tawaf

Continue in this manner until you've completed seven circuits. Practicing Istilam at the beginning and end of Tawaf is a Sunnah, and practicing Istilam on the other six occasions is recommended.

If you are in an Idtiba state, that is, you have your right shoulder exposed cover it with Ihram.

After Tawaf

Salah Al-Tawaf

Following Tawaf, do Salah of two Rakahs, preferably in a position where Maqam Ibrahim is between you and the Kaaba. However, because Maqam Ibrahim is located within the Mataf, pilgrims doing Tawaf often have little choice but to move around and practically over the top of those praying just beyond Maqam Ibrahim, resulting in significant congestion. As a result, if the prayer cannot be done there due to crowding, it can be performed anywhere throughout Masjid al-Haram.

It is advised that you repeat the following while heading to the location where you wish to execute the two Rakahs:

وَاتَّخِذُوا مِنْ مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مُصَلًّ

Wattakhidhu min maqāmi Ibrāhīma muṣalla.

And consider the Maqam Ibrahim as a Salah location.

[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:125]

Notes

• This Salah is Wajib according to the Hanafi and Maliki schools, but Mustahabb according to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools.
• Aside from Makruh periods, this Salah can be performed anytime.
• It may be observed later if it is not completed immediately.
• After Surah al-Fatiha, it is Sunnah to recite Surah al-Kafirun (Surah 109) in the first Rakah and Surah al-Ikhlas (Surah 112) in the second.
• Make plenty of supplications after Salah, as this is one of the stations when Dua is accepted.
• If an obligatory or optional prayer is conducted after Tawaf and an intention for Salah al-Tawaf is also made, that prayer will suffice for Salah al-Tawaf. Salah al-Tawaf, on the other hand, should be performed individually.
• If you began a second Tawaf without performing the Salah for the first Tawaf, perhaps due to Makruh or forgetfulness, you must do the Salah for both Tawafs after the second Tawaf. Two different Rakahs must be performed, one after the other.
• If you have already begun a second Tawaf and have neglected to do the Salah for the first Tawaf, you may pause and perform the Salah for the first Tawaf as long as you are still in your first circuit. Complete the second Tawaf and conduct the Salah for each Tawaf as in the preceding point if one or more circuits have been completed.
• If you have neglected to do the Salah and have returned home, you may perform it at home. No penalty will be levied.

Zamzam

After you have done your Salah and made Dua, sip Zamzam water provided at Masjid al-Haram.

The entrance to the historic well of Zamzam has been covered to give more room to do Tawaf. Therefore, Zamzam water can only be collected from the many water fountains and dispensers around the Haram.

The Prophet ﷺ said: “The water of Zamzam is for whatever purpose it is drunk for.” Before drinking the Zamzam water, make an intention that its consumption will be a method of fulfilling your wishes, whether that is good health, success in this world, or protection from the sufferings of the grave. When drinking the water, it is Mustahabb to stand and face the Kaaba, recite Bismillah, pause to take a breath three times, and say Alhamdulillah after finishing. You may recite the following Dua after drinking the water:

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ عِلْمًا نَافِعًا وَرِزْقًا وَاسِعًا وَعَمَلًا مُتَقَبَّلًا وَشِفَاءً مِنْ كُلِّ دَاءٍ

Allahumma innī as’aluka ‘ilman nāfi’an, wa rizqan wāsi’an, wa ‘amalan mutaqabbalan, wa shifā’an min kulli dā’.

O Allah, I pray for useful knowledge, plentiful provision, and a cure for all illnesses.

You may also submit any other request, as this is another station where Duas are accepted.

Multazam

After you've finished drinking Zamzam water, go to the Multazam, which is the region between Hajar al-Aswad and the Kaaba's entryway.

Due to the massive crowds congregating during Hajj season, getting to the Multazam is nearly difficult. It is, however, open during the rest of the year.

Raise your hands over your head, cling to the wall, and press your chest and cheeks against it if you can reach the Multazam. It is a Sunnah of the Prophet ﷺ and yet another station where supplications are accepted. Thus, extend your Dua here.

If you can't go to the Multazam because of the crowd, you can face it and supplicate from afar.

Hajar al-Aswad's Istilam

It is Sunnah to recite the Istilam of the Hajar al-Aswad before performing Sa'i. Following the eight times you performed Istilam during Tawaf, you will perform it for the ninth time. This Istilam is only valid if you perform Sa'i immediately following the Tawaf.

You may recite the following Duas during Tawaf:

Tawaf starts with

Ali ibn Ali Talib رضی اللہ عنہ recited the following Dua:

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُمَّ إِيْمَاناً بِكَ وَتَصْدِيْقاً بِكِتَابِكَ، وَوَفَاءً بِعَهْدِكَ، وَاتِّبَاعاً لِسُنَّةِ نَبِيِّكَ مُحَمَّدْ

Bismi llāhi wa llāhu akbar, Allāhumma īmānan bika wa taṣdīqan bi kitābika wa wafā’an bi ahdika wattibā’an li sunnati nabiyyika Muḥammadin ﷺ.

Allah is the greatest in the name of Allah. O Allah, in response to Your faith, conviction in Your book, fulfillment of Your covenant, and admiration of Your Prophet'sﷺ Sunnah.

In Rukn al-Yamani

According to al-Hakim's Mustadrak, whosoever recites the following Dua at the Yemeni Corner, seventy thousand angels will say "Amin" to him:

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْكُفْرِ وَالْفَاقَةِ وَمَوَاقِفِ الْخِزْيِ فِيْ الْدُنْيَا وَالآخِرَةِ

Allāhumma innī a’ūdhu bika mina l-kufri wa l-fāqati wa mawāqifi l-khizyi fi d-dunyā wa l-ākhirah.

O Allah, I seek refuge in You from unbelief, poverty, and humiliation in this life and the next.

The Rukn Al-Yamani and the Hajar Al-Aswad are Located Between Each Other.

The Prophet ﷺ recited the following two supplications:

رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِيْ الدُنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَّفِيْ الآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَّقِنَا عَذَابَ النَار

Rabbanā ātinā fi d-dunyā ḥasanatan wa fi l-ākhirati ḥasanatan wa qinā ‘adhāba n-nār.

O our Lord, grant us the good of this world and the good of the Hereafter, and deliver us from the torment of fire.

اللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِيْ بِمَا رَزَقْتَنِيْ وَبَارِكْ لِيْ فِيْهِ، وَاخْلُفْ عَلَ كُلِّ غَائِبَةٍ لِّيْ بِخَيْرٍ

Allāhumma qanni’nī bimā razaqtanī wa bārik lī fih(i), wakhluf ‘ala kulli ghā’ibatin lī bi khayr.

O my Lord, make me content with what You have given me for sustenance, bless it, and give me what is better than what I have lost.

The Prophet ﷺrecited: while traveling through the Mizab al-Rahmah, between the two corners.

اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الرَّاحَةَ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ وَالْعَفْوَ عِنْدَ الْحِسَابِ

Allāhumma innī as’aluka r-rāḥata ‘inda l-mawti wa l-‘afwa ‘inda l-ḥisābi.

O Allah, I beseech You for solace in death and pardon in the hour of reckoning.

During the Tawaf

According to Ibn Majah, the following Duas may be read during Tawaf,: 

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الْعَفْوَ وَالْعَافِيَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالآخِرَةِ

Allhumma inn as'aluka l-'afwa wa l-'fyata fi d-duny wa l-khirah.

O Allah, I beseech You for pardon and protection in this life and the next.

سُبْحَان اللّٰهِ وَ الْحَمْدُ لِلّهِ وَلآ اِلهَ اِلّا اللّهُ، وَاللّهُ اَكْبَرُ وَلا حَوْلَ وَلاَ قُوَّة اِلَّا بِاللّهِ الْعَلِىّ الْعَظِيْم

Subna llhi wa l-amdu lillhi wa l ilha illa llh(u), wa llhu akbar(u), wa llhu akbar(u), wa l awla wa l quwwata ill billhi l-'aliyyi l-'am.

All praise to Allah. Allah is worthy of all praise. There is no other god except Allah. Allah is the Almighty. Except for Allah, the Most High and the Most Great, there is no strength or might.

Ground Level

The bottom level is the quickest and most congested, particularly during peak hours. Expect to be pushed, crushed, and possibly have wheelchairs pushed into the back of your legs.

If you're doing Tawaf on the ground level, start the first circuit as far out as feasible, then gently walk towards the Kaaba, completing circuits 2-6 close to the Kaaba before gradually moving away from the inner circle on the final circuit.

If you begin Tawaf on the ground floor but find it challenging to manage the crowds, it is permitted to continue and finish Tawaf on another floor. If you move to a different floor halfway through a circuit, you must replay that circuit on the new floor, so attempt to finish the circuit before moving.

Level Middle

The middle level is also packed and includes pillars that must be avoided.

Level of the Roof

For those who don't want to squeeze past other people, the roof level is ideal. The Tawaf, on the other hand, will take much longer to complete due to the enormous area it covers.

• It is not necessary to perform Tawaf with your husband or Mahram, although it is recommended that someone accompany you.
• If Salah begins, women must pray in specified areas unless they cannot because of crowds. 
• The Tawaf area can become extremely crowded, so it is advisable to perform Tawaf on another floor where there is less of a crowd. 
• If you're performing Tawaf on the ground level, it's a good idea to perform Tawaf away from the inner circle of people who are closest to the Kaaba and where it is most crowded.

Performed After Tawaf

The Sa'i should take place following Tawaf.

• Those conducting Umrah should observe Sa'i after Tawaf al-Umrah.
• Sa'i should be performed twice for people doing Hajj al-Tamattu: once after Tawaf al-Umrah and again after Tawaf al-Ziyarah.
• Those conducting Hajj al-Qiran or Hajj al-Ifrad shall perform Sa'i after Tawaf al-Qudum or Tawaf al-Ziyarah. It is no longer obligatory to perform it after Tawaf al-Ziyarah if it is performed after Tawaf al-Qudum upon arrival in Makkah.
• Those undertaking Hajj al-Qiran should perform Sa'i twice, once after Tawaf al-Umrah and again after Tawaf al-Qudum or Tawaf al-Ziyarah, according to the Hanafi school of thinking.

Ihram is Required Before Performing Hajj or Umrah.

Unlike Tawaf, which is an autonomous act of devotion that can be performed without first assuming Ihram for Hajj or Umrah, Sa'i must be preceded by assuming Ihram for Hajj or Umrah. This does not necessarily imply that the pilgrim must remain in Ihram while conducting Sa'i; Hajj pilgrims may undertake the rite after Tawaf al-Ziyarah on Yawm al-Nahr after having left Ihram.

Beginning with Safa

Safa must be the starting point for the first loop. If a person starts from Marwa, the lap is declared void.

Completion of Seven Laps

The first circuit must begin at Safa and end at Marwa, the next lap must begin at Marwa and end at Safa, and so on until seven laps are accomplished. The laps are counted in the following manner:

If you have concerns about the number of laps you have completed during Sa'i, choose the lowest number you believe you have done.

To Cover the Entire Distance Between Safa and Marwa.

The entire distance between Safa and Marwa must be covered, 450 meters (1,480 feet), with seven laps totaling around 3.15 km (1.96 miles). The Sa'i will be incomplete if any section of this distance is left unfinished.

It is Sunnah to perform Sa'i immediately following Tawaf, though you may take a respite if necessary. If you are exhausted after Tawaf or your feet hurt, you may rest in the pavilion until you feel ready. Remember that you will be walking nearly three kilometers during Sa'i, so make sure you have the energy to finish the process before beginning.

Purity

While Wudhu is not required for Sa'i, doing the procedure with Wudhu is Sunnah. The Sa'i, on the other hand, will be valid even if performed in a state of mild or major ritual impurity (requiring Ghusl). As a result, women who are menstruating or experiencing post-natal hemorrhage can practice Sa'i.

Hajar Al-Aswad's Istilam

It is Sunnah to return to the Hajar al-Aswad for Istilam before completing Sa'i. Following the eight times you performed Istilam during Tawaf, you will perform it for the ninth time. This Istilam is only valid if Sa'i is performed immediately following Tawaf.

If you forget to do Istilam before Sa'i, or if you find it difficult to return to the line of the Hajar al-Aswad owing to crowds or fatigue, it may be skipped. It can, however, be conducted in Masjid al-Haram as long as you face the Hajar al-Aswad.

Istilam should be conducted in the same manner as Tawaf.

Continue to Safa.

Continue to the Safa Hill, located inside Masjid al-Haram and parallel to the Hajar al-Aswad. There are signs indicating its location. It is Sunnah to recite the following when you approach Safa:

إِنَّ الصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةَ مِن شَعَائِرِ اللَّهِ

Inna ṣ-ṣafā wa l-marwata min sha’ā’iri llāh(i).

Indeed, Safa and Marwa are Allah's Signs.

[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:158]

After that, recite the following Dua:

أَبْدَأُ بِمَا بَدَأَ اللهُ بِهِ

Abda’u bimā bad’allahu bihi.

I begin with that which Allah has begun with.

These supplications should only be said once before Sa'i, not at the beginning of each lap.

Make your Dua at Safa.

When you reach the Safa hill, turn toward the Kaaba and lift your hands in supplication. Because your view of the Kaaba may be obstructed, judge its location and face that way. Do not raise your hands to your earlobes or motion towards the Kaaba as you would during Tawaf. You may recite Takbir (Allhu akbar), Tahlil (l ilha ill Allh), and send Salawat upon the Prophet ﷺ.

The following Dua is Sunnah:

اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ، اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ، اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ، وَلِلّٰهِ الْحَمْدُ

Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar, wa lillāhi l-ḥamd.

Allah is the greatest; Allah is the greatest; Allah is the greatest, and to Allah belongs all praise.

لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لاَ شَرِيكَ لَهُ، لَهُ الْمُلْكُ وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ، وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ

Lā ilāha illallāh waḥdahu lā sharīka lah(u), lahu l-mulku wa lahu l-ḥamdu yuḥyī wa yumīt(u), wa huwa ‘alā kulli shay’in qadīr.

There is no deity except Allah, alone without a partner. To Him belongs the Dominion, and to Him belongs all praise. He gives life and death and He has power over everything.

لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اَللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ، اَنْجَزَ وَعْدَهُ وَنَصَرَ عَبْدَهُ وَهَزَمَ اَلْأَحْزَابَ وَحْدَهُ

Lā ilāha illallāhu waḥdah(u), anjaza wa’dahu wa naṣara ‘abdahu wa hazama l-aḥzāba waḥdah.

There is no deity except Allah alone. He fulfilled His promise, supported His slave and defeated the Confederates alone.

You may recite your supplications after reciting this Dua. As was the Sunnah of the Prophet, read the Dua three times, making your supplications in between each time.

Continue to Marwa

Make your way to Marwa from Safa. Between Safa and Marwa, two sets of green fluorescent lights about 50 meters apart represent the distance Hajar ran to reach higher ground. Milayn al-Akhdharayn (the two green mileposts) refers to these two markers. Men should run at a medium pace between these two lights, while ladies should run normally.

Dhikr and Dua

There is no specified Dhikr or Dua to read during Sa'i. Therefore, you may recite any prayers or supplications of your choice and send Salawat upon the Prophet ﷺ.

Make a Dua in Marwa.

When you reach the hill of Marwa, turn toward the Kaaba, lift your hands in supplication, and repeat the supplications you uttered at Safa.

This is the end of one lap of Sa'i. Returning to Safa counts as a second lap.

Sa'i comes to an end

Rep this technique until you've done seven circuits, at which point you should be at the Marwa hill.

Salah and Dua

It is advised to make a last Dua here and two Rakahs of Nafl Salah in Masjid al-Haram after Sa'i.

Leave the Haram

Step out of Masjid al-Haram with your left foot and utter the following Dua, as was the Prophet's Sunnah upon leaving the mosque:

بِسْمِ اللهِ وَالصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَّامُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ، اللَّهُمَّ إَنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ مِنْ فَضْلِكَ

Bismi llāhi, wa ṣ-ṣalātu wa s-salāmu ‘ala rasūli llāh. Allāhumma innī as’aluka min faḍlik.

In Allah's name, peace and blessings be upon the Prophet of Allah. I beseech You, O Allah, from Your abundance.

If you are undertaking Umrah outside of the Hajj season or as part of Hajj al-Tamattu, your hair will be cut or cropped after Sa'i, allowing you to escape Ihram. This signals the end of your Umrah. If you are doing Hajj al-Qiran, however, you will not have your hair cut and will remain in Ihram until Yawm al-Nahr.

There are three Jamarat:

• Jamarah al-Aqaba or Jamarah al-Kubra (the large pillar).
• Jamarah al-Wusta (middle or medium pillar)
• Jamarah al-Ula or al-Sugra (little pillar).

The first and second pillars are approximately 150 meters apart, while the second and third are around 120 meters apart.

The Jamarat point to three locations when Shaytan attempted to persuade Ibrahim عليه السلام not to carry out the heavenly message that he had received. As a result, the pillars are not the actual Shaytan, as some believe, but rather the locations where Shaytan's whisperings tested Ibrahim.

Each pillar was restored and turned into a big wall construction in 2005. The structures were previously tall and thin. This new structure makes conducting Rami considerably more accessible because the target is significantly larger.

According to Jabir ibn Abdullah رضی اللہ عنہ,

“ Allah's Messenger عليه السلام threw pebbles at Jamarat on the Day of Nahr after daybreak and after that (i.e., on the 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhul Hijjah when the sun had set)”.

[Narrated in Sahih Muslim]

According to Hadith, Rami is performed on the following dates: 

• Yawm al-Nahr (the Day of Sacrifice) - 10th of Dhul Hijjah (Day 3 of Hajj).
• Ayyam al-Tashreeq (the Drying Meat Days) - 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhul Hijjah - Days 4, 5, and 6 of Hajj.

Only Rami of Jamarah al-Aqaba (the big pillar) will be done on Yawm al-Nahr. Pelting the other two pillars is prohibited, but there is no penalty.

Rami of all pillars will be conducted on each day of Ayyam al-Tashreeq, beginning with the smallest and progressing to the grandest. However, doing it in a different order will not result in a penalty, nor will Rami have to be repeated.

The Jamarat can become exceedingly crowded.

Pelting must be performed within the timeframe specified, or a penalty will be imposed.

Due to the crowds, it is best to do Rami in the evening to avoid the crush of pilgrims who rush to finish Rami before lunchtime. Unfortunately, this can lead to calamity, as thousands of pilgrims were massacred in a stampede on Jamarat Bridge in 2015.

If the crowds are too dense, women, children, the elderly, and the infirm should postpone Rami.

Yawm Al-Nahr 

Pelting is permitted on Yawm al-Nahr between the hours of Fajr Salah on the 10th and Fajr Salah on the 11th. However, there are times of day when pelting is more virtuous than others. 

These are the dates and times:

Pelting is not permitted before Fajr Salah.

1. Disliked (Makruh) for men*, but still valid and allowed for women, the elderly, and the infirm between Fajr Salah and Sunrise.
2. Sunnah from Sunrise to Midday (10 minutes before the start of Dhuhr Salah). If it is not too crowded, try to do Rami at this time.
3. Between Midday and Sunset - Permissible (Mubah) but not preferred.
4. Disliked (Makruh) for men*, but still valid and permitted for women, the elderly, and the infirm between sunset and Fajr Salah (of the 11th). It will not be disliked (Makruh) for a guy who is a Mahram to perform Rami with a woman who is pelting at this time.

Ayyam Al-Tashreeq

Pelting is permitted on Ayyam al-Tashreeq after Zawwal (midday) and before Fajr. However, there are times of day when pelting is more virtuous than others. These are the times:

1. Pelting is not permitted before Zawwal (midday).
2. From the start of Dhuhr Salah to sunset - Sunnah. Try to do Rami between these times if it's not too crowded.
3. Disliked (Makruh) for men*, but still valid and allowed for women, the elderly, and the infirm between sunset and Fajr Salah.

It will not be disliked (Makruh) for a guy who is a Mahram to perform Rami with a woman who is pelting at this time.

Thousands of pilgrims cross the Jamarat bridge.

Pilgrims can throw stones at the Jamarat from numerous levels because of the bridge. There was only one bridge in addition to the ground level until 2006.

This ancient bridge was dismantled and rebuilt to create space for a new multi-level construction. As of 2016, the bridge has been separated into six levels, allowing pilgrims participating in the ceremony to move more quickly.

Take utmost caution when visiting the Jamarat since this rite can get crowded and emotionally heated. To prevent stray pebbles, protect your face and keep your head low. Also, be aware of someone pelting close to you with flailing arms.

During the evening, pilgrims perform Rami.

Rami is performed in the Sunnah manner as follows:

1. Make sure you're in a Wudhu condition.
2. Place Mina to your right and Makkah to your left.
3. Place yourself at least 15 feet (5 meters) away from the pot.
4. Keep at least seven stones in your left hand.
5. Grab a pebble with your thumb and index finger and elevate your hand as high as possible.
6. Throw the pebble while chanting Takbir ( اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر ) with each throw.
7. When the first stone settles in the container, stop saying Talbiyah.
8. Repeat with the remaining pebbles; seven pebbles should be thrown into the pot surrounding the Jamarat.
9. If you're stoning the small or medium Jamarat, move away from it, stand away from the crowd, and make Dua facing the Qibla after pelting either of the pillars.

• You must still do Rami if you are in a condition of Haidh (menstruation). You are not permitted to nominate someone to pelt on your behalf.
• Stay close to your Mahram while walking towards the Jamarat or during the Rami procedure.
• Never, under any circumstances, hold the Ihram or hand of someone not your Mahram, even if your Mahram instructs you to do so.

The sacrificial animals must be cared for and of a specific age before the sacrifice is performed. Hady is allowed to have the following domesticated animals:

They should also be healthy and free of any faults that would preclude them from being sacrificed, such as being:

• Lame/crippled. 
• Visibly sick.
• Weak/immobile.
• Injured, for example, its horns or teeth are shattered.

You can either sacrifice a sheep or a goat or band together with six other pilgrims (for a total of seven), and each buy a share of a camel or a cow.

Hady may be performed after reciting Jamarah al-Aqaba Rami on the 10th of Dhul Hijjah until sunset on the 12th. It must be done before cutting the hair. A penalty will be imposed if carried out before or beyond this timeframe.

Suppose you have made arrangements for the Hady but are unsure of the exact time. In that case, you should perform Rami of Jamarah al-Aqaba as early as possible and cut your hair as late as possible (just before sunset on the 12th of Dhul Hijjah) to ensure the sacrifice occurs within the correct time frame.

Pilgrims conducting Hajj al-Ifrad may do the Hady after shaving their heads if they wish to participate in the sacrifice. It is not required to follow Rami immediately. However, the time frame for completing the sacrifice is the same as for the other two types of Hajj.

According to Jabir ibn Abdullah رضی اللہ عنہ, Hady should take place in Mina or Makkah 

“since the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "All of Mina is a place of sacrifice." Makkah's roads are all thoroughfares and sacrifice sites. All of Arafat is a standing location, and all of Muzdalifah is a standing place.”

[Narrated in Sunan Abu Dawud]

It cannot be carried out in your home country.

Hady can be structured in the following ways:

1. Via your travel agent. Most Hajj packages include the Hady charge. If you are unsure whether this is included in your package, check with your travel agent.
2. Buy vouchers from al-Rajhi Bank, an Islamic bank that arranges animal slaughter and gives the meat to the underprivileged. It's in the Makkah Hilton Towers.
3. Get vouchers from Makkah or Mina kiosks.

If you intend to conduct the Hady personally, make sure to notify your tour operator in advance so that you do not have to pay extra money to have someone else perform the sacrifice on your behalf.

Before executing the sacrifice, remember to take every precaution to slaughter the animal without causing it needless agony. Prior to the sacrifice, the animal should be positioned on its left side, facing the Qibla, and the following Dua should be recited:

إِنِّي وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالأَرْضَ حَنِيفًا وَمَا أَنَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ - إِنَّ صَلاَتِي وَنُسُكِي وَمَحْيَاىَ وَمَمَاتِي لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ - لاَ شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَبِذَلِكَ أُمِرْتُ وَأَنَا أَوَّلُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ

Inni wajjahtu wajhiya lillazi fataras samawati wal arda haneefaw wama ana minal mushrikeen. Inna salati wanusuki wa mahyaya wa mamati lillahi rabbil alameen. La shareekalah wa bizalika umirtu wa ana awwalul muslimeen.

Indeed, I have turned my attention toward Him, who created the heavens and the earth, seeking truth, and I am not of those who equate others with Allah  [6:79]. Indeed, my prayer, sacrifice ceremonies, living and dying are all for Allah, Lord of the Worlds. He has no partner [6:162]. And this is what I have been told, and I am the first [among you] Muslims [6:163].

[Narrated in Sunan Ibn Majah]

When Slaughtering, recite the following: 

بِسْمِ اللهِ وَ اَللهُ أَكْبَرُ

Bismillahi Wallahu Akbar.

Allah is the greatest in the name of Allah.

Recite the following lines after the sacrifice:

 تَقَبَّلْ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَمِنْ أُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ

Bismillah, Allahumma Taqabbal Muhammadin, Al-i-Muhammadin, and Ummati Muhammadin.

According to the commandment of Allah, "O Allah, accept [this sacrifice] on behalf of Muhammad ﷺ and the family of Muhammad ﷺ and the Ummah of Muhammad ﷺ."

[Narrated in Sahih Muslim]

Following the sacrifice, you are free to eat from it and divide it in any way you see fit, regardless of whether the person you feed is rich or poor. It is Mustahabb to eat one-third of your income, donate one-third to charity, and give the remaining one-third to family and neighbors.

• If a person cannot afford the Hady, he or she may substitute fasting. Allah says:

   فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ فِي الْحَجِّ وَسَبْعَةٍ إِذَا رَجَعْتُمْ تِلْكَ عَشَرَةٌ كَامِلَةٌ

  If he cannot afford it, he must fast for three days during Hajj and seven days after you return (home) for 10 days.

  [Surah al-Baqarah, 2:196]

  It is advised to fast for three days before the 8th of Dhul Hijjah, as the Prophet ﷺ stated that the days after this point, i.e., the days of Tashreeq, are for eating. If you are unable to do so, it is permitted to fast on certain days. You must also remember to fast for seven days when you get home.

If you have hair on your head, Halq (shaving) or Taqsir (hair clipping) is Wajib (obligatory). You cannot leave Ihram until you have completed one of the two tasks.

If Halq is performed, the entire head must be shaved. According to Abdullah ibn Umar رضی اللہ عنہ, Allah's Messenger ﷺ prohibited Al-Qaza (leaving a tuft of hair here and there after shaving one's head).

[Narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari]

It is Sunnah to commence Halq or Taqsir from the right side, facing the Qibla. According to Anas ibn Malik رضی اللہ عنہ, 

Allah's Messenger ﷺ came to Mina; he went to the Jamarat and hurled rocks at it, then went to his lodging in Mina and slaughtered the animal. He summoned a barber and, turning his right side to him, allowed him to shave him; he then turned his left side. He then distributed this hair to the people.

[Narrated in Sahih Muslim]

If you don't have any hair on your head, merely running a razor over it will suffice.

The minimal quantity to trim when doing Taqsir is a fingertip length from all ends of the hair (approximately an inch). Simply trimming a fingertip is insufficient. Trim the hair until it is confident that only the necessary amount has been removed.

It is acceptable and customary practice to have someone else cut your hair. It is not required that the person have their hair cut before cutting yours.

Both men and women may cut their own hair to remove Ihram.

Although Ihram prohibitions will be eliminated after individuals complete Hajj, marital relations will only become legal after performing Tawaf al-Ziyarah.

Women are not permitted to perform Halq or to shave their heads. Ali رضی اللہ عنہ, I related the following Hadith as evidence for this:

The Prophet of Allah ﷺ barred women from shaving their heads.

[Narrated in Sunan an-Nasa’i] 

A woman must clip her hair to fingertip length or approximately an inch from the ends. Even if a woman's hair is very short, it must still be clipped to leave the state of Ihram.

If you are undertaking Umrah or Hajj al-Tamattu, remember to cut your hair before returning to the guest house. Many women fail to do so and face fines for remaining in Ihram.

Women who are menstruating must also cut their hair.

Hair is cut once after Sa'i for individuals undertaking Umrah outside of the Hajj season.

Hair is trimmed twice during Umrah and once during Hajj after the Hady is done for those conducting Hajj al-Tamattu when Umrah and Hajj are performed separately.

Hair is trimmed once during Hajj for individuals completing Hajj al-Qiran once the Hady is done.

Hair is trimmed once during Hajj for individuals undertaking Hajj al-Ifrad and can be undertaken immediately after the pelting of Jamarat al-Aqaba (the large pillar).

Hair must be trimmed before sunset on the 12th of Dhul Hijjah for all three types of Hajj. If it is delayed past this point, a penalty will be assessed.

Hair cuts are available in Makkah, Mina, and Muzdalifah. It is Sunnah for Hajj pilgrims to have their hair trimmed in Mina.

Getting a haircut in Makkah or Mina can be inexpensive or costly. Barbers are classified into two types: licensed and unlicensed.

Unlicensed barbers on the roadside typically charge between 5 and 10 Riyals. Although they are inexpensive, many people advise against employing unlicensed barbers because of the health hazards involved with their procedures. They frequently use non-sterile blades on multiple people, which can spread illnesses and viruses, including hepatitis and HIV. Some unlicensed barbers are also careless, resulting in cuts and bleeding during shaving.

A shave from a licensed barber, on the other hand, can cost up to 30 Riyals. Although significantly more expensive, they employ single-use disposable blades and are disease-tested. They also tend to be more careful when shaving. It's worth paying a little bit more to prevent the risks associated with unlicensed barbers.

In Makkah, a handful of licensed barber shops are open 24 hours a day and ordinarily close just at Salah times. Barbershops abound in the Zamzam Towers, Hilton shopping complex, and al-Safwa Towers. After you finish your Sa'i between Safa and Marwah, you'll notice a slew of barbers outside the Marwah door. They are on the ground floor, to your left, or to your right if you exit from the middle floor.

You should expect to pay up to 50 Riyals or more for a haircut rather than a shave. Please keep in mind that costs climb during peak season as well.

Because barber shops are frequently crowded, you can shave your head to save money. You can bring hair clippers to cut your hair and a razor to shave your head cleanly. Alternatively, you can go to a barbershop and have the barber utilize the equipment you brought, eliminating potential health or hygiene issues.

Ihram is a state of mind and physical purity. It is, first and foremost, a mental state in which a spiritual relationship with God is developed and the vanities of the world are rejected. Hajj is an egalitarian ceremony in that all mankind is equal before God, regardless of gender, sect, ethnic origin, rank, or income. The Ihram clothing, two pieces of unstitched white cloth, conceals all social, cultural, and political divisions for the cause of equality before God.

Before reaching the Miqat barrier, Ihram must be assumed. If the Miqat is crossed without first entering the state of Ihram, a penalty will be imposed, albeit the Hajj or Umrah will still be legal.

The Hanafi school of thought believes that entering Ihram before the point of Miqat is more virtuous. Still, the Maliki and Hanbali schools believe that entering Ihram before the point of Miqat is more virtuous.

If you want to join Ihram before the moment of Miqat and are flying, you will have varied options for changing into Ihram clothes depending on the airline you're flying with.

Before entering the state of Ihram, men should remove any clothing stitched or made to fit the shape of their body, such as shirts, trousers, vests, and underwear. You may postpone removing any clothes that contradict the Ihram criteria, like underwear, until the time of Miqat, at which point you should declare Ihram.

Ihram costume consists of two essential white pieces of cloth known as the Izar, which wraps around the waist and covers the lower body, and the Rida, which is slung over the shoulders and covers the upper body like a shawl. Shoes and sandals may be sewn or unstitched but must not cover the heel or ankle bones. According to the Hanafi school of thought, the top half of the foot (particularly the instep area where the shoelace is generally knotted) should also be left bare.

Women are not forced to follow a dress code and can wear anything they like. Needless to say, attire should be traditional, modest Islamic garb, with a head covering of any color. Socks are permitted, but hands and faces must remain bare.

Although covering the face is forbidden, it is permitted to use a fabric that hangs over the face without touching it. This is based on Aisha رضی اللہ عنہ narration:

“While in Ihram, we were with the Prophet ﷺ . After a rider passed us, we would lower our clothes from the tops of our heads and raise them again after he was gone.”

By consensus of the four schools of law, it is Sunnah to do two Rakahs of Salah al-Ihram after changing into Ihram before desiring to enter the state of Ihram. This should be done before the Miqat is crossed. Observe the Salah to conduct two Rakahs Nafl for Ihram if it is not one of the banned periods for prayer.

Suppose any other prayer is performed after changing into Ihram garb and before stating the intention, whether compulsory or Sunnah (for example, the two Rakahs Salah for the mosque greeting). In that case, it will account for this prayer, even if there is no intention to do so.

You may recite the Salah with your head covered because you are not yet in the spiritual stage of Ihram. Although any Surah may be read, it is Sunnah to recite Surah al-Kafirun (Surah 109) in the first Rakah and Surah al-Ikhlas (Surah 112) in the second Rakah after Surah al-Fatiha. After you've finished, remove any headwear or other items that may violate Ihram rules and prepare to make your purpose.

Women who are menstruating should not conduct the Salah but should express their desire to perform Hajj or Umrah and recite the Talbiyah.

Suppose you're flying to Jeddah, either directly or via a connecting flight. In that case, it's a good idea to do Salah al-Ihram before boarding the plane and then make your Niyyah on board before crossing the Miqat (approximately an hour before landing at Jeddah airport). Delaying the Niyyah until the last minute is an intelligent strategy to ensure that the limits of Ihram are not breached unnecessarily during or before the flight, especially if planes are delayed or canceled.

If you fly with an Islamic airline and choose to conduct Salah al-Ihram on the plane, you may find a rush of people planning to perform the Salah, making the prayer difficult and uncomfortable to observe.

The Niyyah should be made at the Miqat or close to it as you approach it. Although it is Mustahabb to utter the Niyyah audibly in Arabic or your local language, the purpose must come from the heart.

While making the intention, it is also suggested to specify the purpose of Ihram, indicating whether it is for Hajj or Umrah. If you wish to perform Hajj, specify the sort of Hajj you intend to perform.

Here are some instances of intentions that can be expressed in Arabic:

Niyyah for Umrah

This Niyyah is required whether you are undertaking Umrah at any time of year or as part of Hajj al-Tamattu. If you are conducting Hajj al-Tamattu, you will make an intention for the Hajj later.

لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ عُمْرَةً

Labbayka llāhumma ‘umratan.

O Allah, here I am to perform Umrah.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْعُمْرَةَ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-‘umrata.

O Allah, I desire to perform Umrah; accept it and make it simple.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْعُمْرَةَ فَيَسِّرْهَا لِيْ وَتَقَبَّلْهَا مِنِّ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-‘umrata fa yassirhā lī wa taqabbalhā minnī.

O Allah, I intend to perform Umrah, so accept it from me and make it easy for me.

Niyyah for the Hajj

This Niyyah is required if you perform Hajj al-Tamattu (after Umrah) or al-Ifrad (just Hajj).

لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ حَجًّا

Labbayka llāhumma ḥajjan.

O Allah, here I am to perform Hajj.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْحَجَّ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-’ḥajja.

O Allah, I intend to perform Hajj.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْحَجَّ فَيَسِّرْهُ لِيْ وَتَقَبَّلْهُ مِنِّيْ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-’ḥajja fa yassirhā lī wa taqabbalhā minnī.

O Allah, I intend to perform Hajj, so make it easy for me and accept it from me.

Umrah and Hajj Niyyah

This Niyyah is required if you are completing Hajj al-Qiran (Umrah and Hajj at the same time).

بَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ عُمْرَةً وَ حَجًّا

Labbayka llāhumma ‘umratan wa ḥajjan.

O Allah, here I am to perform Umrah and Hajj.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْعُمْرَةَ وَ الْحَجَّ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-’umrata wa l-ḥajja.

O Allah, I intend to perform Umrah and Hajj.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أُرِيْدُ الْعُمْرَةَ وَ الْحَجَّ فَيَسِّرْهُمَا لِيْ وَتَقَبَّلْهُمَا مِنِّيْ

Allāhumma innī urīdu l-’umrata wa l-ḥajja fayassirhumā lī wa taqabbalhumā minnī.

O Allah, I intend to perform Umrah and Hajj, so make them easy for me and accept them from me.

Niyyah with a Ishtirat

If you believe that something, such as illness, may interfere with your Hajj or Umrah, you might include the following stipulation in your Niyyah:

اللَّهُمَّ مَحِلِّي حَيْثُ حَبَسْتَنِي

Allhumma mailli aithu aithu abstani.

O Allah, I will leave Ihram at this point. You've stopped me.

This is based on the narration provided by Aisha رضی اللہ عنہ:

“Allah's Messenger ﷺ approached Dubaa bint az-Zubair and inquired, 'Do you want to perform Hajj?' 'By Allah,' she answered, 'I feel sick.' He told her, 'Intend to undertake Hajj and specify a condition by saying, "O Allah, I will exit Ihram from the point You have prevented me (i.e., I am unable to go any further)." She was al-Miqdad ibn al-Aswad's wife”.

The advantage here is that if circumstances prevent you from doing the rituals of Hajj or Umrah, or if you cannot visit Makkah for any reason, Fidyah will not be required to exit the status of Ihram. You must, however, have your hair chopped before leaving Ihram.

Changing Niyyah's

You cannot change your intention to conduct another sort of Hajj once you have entered the Ihram with a specific Niyyah. For example, if you want to conduct Hajj al-Ifrad (Hajj alone), you cannot change your mind later and perform Umrah and Hajj al-Tamattu.

It is, however, permissible to modify your mind before entering the state of Ihram. For example, you may have planned to conduct Hajj al-Qiran (Hajj and Umrah together) at home or on your travel, but you decide to perform Hajj al-Tamattu at the point of entering Ihram. This is entirely legal.

Before making your intention, consider the type of Hajj you wish to do. Remember that Hajj al-Tamattu is the most basic and widely performed Hajj.

Niyyah for Others

Hajj al-Badal is conducting Hajj or Umrah on someone else's behalf who cannot perform Hajj due to illness/incapacity or another legitimate reason.

If you are undertaking Hajj on someone else's behalf, such as your mother or father, the Niyyah is as follows:

بَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ حَجًّا عَنْ ……. بِنْ / بِنْت

 Labbayka llāhumma ḥajjan 'an bin / bint

 O Allah, I intend to undertake Hajj for the son/daughter of

The purpose must be formed only for that person and no one else.

If you want to distribute the reward to multiple persons, you can perform a Nafl Hajj or Umrah.

____________________________________________________________________________

Talbiyah 

Recite the Talbiyah after you have made your intention.

The Talbiyah's Words

The Sunnah manner of reciting the Talbiyah includes four brief pauses, denoted by dashes. The following are the words:

لَبَّيْكَ اللهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ - لَبَّيْكَ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ - إِنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ - لَا شَرِيْكَ لَكَ - 

Labbayka llhumma labbayk(a), labbayka l sharka laka labbayk(a), inna l-amda wa n-ni'mata, laka wa l-mulk(a), l sharka lak, l sharka lak.

At Your disposal, Allah, at Your disposal. You have no companion at Your disposal, at Your disposal. All praise, favor, and sovereignty are genuinely Yours. You don't have a partner.

Manners of Reciting the Talbiyah

Men should repeat the Talbiyah aloud, while women should recite it softly enough to be heard by herself or someone next to her. After reciting the Talbiyah, it is Mustahabb to send Salawat upon the Prophet and to supplicate.

When Should You Recite Talbiyah?

The Talbiyah should be repeated as much as possible throughout Hajj and Umrah, whether standing or sitting, in a vehicle or walking, with or without Wudhu, and, in the case of women, whether or not they are menstruating.

• It is advised to say the Talbiyah in the following situations:
• When getting on or off a car.
• When going up or down (a hill or a valley).
• When you come upon a gathering of pilgrims.
• Following prayers.
• Toward the last part of the night.
• In the early hours of the morning.
• Every morning and evening.

Talbiyah Timings

Hajj pilgrims should begin reciting the Talbiyah after taking Ihram and continue until the first pebble is hurled at Jamrat al-Aqaba on the 10th of Dhul Hijjah, Yawm al-Nahr.

After taking Ihram, Umrah pilgrims should begin reciting the Talbiyah and continue until the Hajar al-Aswad is kissed, touched, or saluted at the start of Tawaf al-Umrah.

Virtues of Talbiyah

According to Jabir ibn Abdullah رضی اللہ عنہ,

“ there is no Muhrim who exposes himself to the sun all day for Allah's sake, reciting the Talbiyah till the sun goes down, but his sins will vanish, and he will be as he was the day his mother bore him”.

According to Sahl bin Sa'd رضی اللہ عنہ,

“ the Prophet of Allah ﷺ said: 'There is no Muslim who says the Talbiyah save that - to his right and left, until the end of the earth, from here to there - the rocks, trees, or mud utter the Talbiyah”.

After the Talbiyah

You will have entered the hallowed state of Ihram once the intention has been made and the Talbiyah has been recited. A Muhrim is a pilgrim who is in the state of Ihram. As a Muhrim, you must be aware of the Ihram prohibitions. You must always be aware and attentive to God, display patience, and demonstrate excellent character.

Ihram Conditions

Allowable Actions

Ihram's allowed behaviors are as follows:

• Taking a bath or shower, whether for necessity or pleasure, as long as no scented goods are utilized.
• Even if your hair falls out, gently wash your head and body.
• Changing Ihram clothing (as many times as necessary).

• Use a money belt/waist/pouch/string to assist in securing the Ihram's (Izar's) lower garment.
• Use a safety pin to keep the Ihram (Rida) top garment from always coming off or opening up.
• While sleeping, cover the body and feet with a blanket, but leave the face and head exposed.
• Use an umbrella or any other object to offer shade, as long as it does not rest on the face or head.
• I'm wearing a backpack.
• Snakes, scorpions, flies, and cockroaches are examples of potentially dangerous animals/insects.
• Slaughtering domestic animals for food, such as cattle, sheep, chickens, and so on (hunting is prohibited).

• Injections/vaccinations.

• Cupping is a treatment in which blood is taken from the body.

• Surgical procedures such as tooth extraction.
• Watches, jewelry, identity wristbands, and so on.
• Hearing aids, glasses, contact lenses, sunglasses, braces, and fake teeth are all examples of medical devices.
• Socks and gloves (just for women, no guys).
• For wounds and sprains, apply a plaster or bandage.
• Using a Miswak (toothpaste usage is debatable due to its intense scent in the mouth).
• Consuming aromatic fruits such as apples and oranges.
• Consuming fruit-flavored candies and chocolates.
• Tampons or sanitary cloths are used.
• Breastfeeding.

1. Penalties

There are three types of penalties based on the nature of the transgression:

Badanah

This alludes to the offering of a huge sacrificial animal, such as a camel or cow (the size of which is generally divided into seven pieces).

In the following two scenarios, Badanah would be required:

1. Performing Tawaf when in a state of major ritual impurity (requiring Ghusl), menstruation, or childbirth.
2. Engaging in sexual relations between Wuquf in Arafat (on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah) and Tawaf al-Ziyarah (on the 10th of Dhul Hijjah).

Damm

This refers to sacrificing a tiny sacrificial animal, such as a sheep or a goat (or one-seventh of a big animal if sharing).

Damm is required for the following actions:

• Entering the Miqat without first entering Ihram.
• Using scented chemicals or applying fragrances or perfumes to the body or clothing.
• Henna or Kohl application to the body.
• In the case of men, wearing stitched/sewn/tailored clothes that suit the body's shape. Wearing underwear, shirts, trousers, and coats, for example.
• In the case of men, wear footwear that covers the ankle and the top part of the foot (the shoelace area).
• Head or face covering.
• Hair removal, shaving, cutting, trimming, or removal from any body region.
• Nail clipping on the hands or feet.
• Lustfully kissing, touching, or embracing a person of the opposing gender.
• Having sexual encounters. Depending on when this occurs, it may also render the Hajj invalid.
• Hunting an illegal animal.
• Leaving out an obligatory Hajj or Umrah action or failing to do it properly.

The above list is not exhaustive. Please refer to these tables for a more detailed summary of Damm-required actions.

Sadaqah

Sadaqah is the act of giving charity to the destitute and needy. Sadaqah should be given as non-perishable staple foods such as flour, wheat, barley, dates, or raisins. The amount of Sadaqah is classified into three categories based on the violation:

1. Complete Sadaqah Al-Fitr - This is roughly comparable to 3 kilograms of wheat, 6 kg of barley, 6 kg of dates or raisins, or its monetary equivalent.
2. Less than Sadaqah Al-Fitr - This can be comparable to a handful of wheat. In Sadaqah, for example, destroying a locust would necessitate a handful of wheat.
3. Sadaqah Equal to the Value - For example, causing injury to an animal or chopping down trees inside the Haram's bounds would necessitate a payment of Sadaqah equal to the value of the damage done. Two respectable Muslim men who live in the area should decide the debt.

Sadaqah is required for a variety of tasks, including:

• Applying perfumes in small amounts to the body or clothing or applying fragrances to specific areas of the body or clothing.
• For a short period, wearing sewn garments or forbidden footwear.
• A tiny piece of the head or face is covered.
• Shaving, cutting, trimming, or removing minor amounts of body hair.
• Nail clipping on the hands or feet
• Not carrying out Hajj or Umrah obligations entirely or adequately. For example, skipping a circuit of Sa'i or doing Sa'i in a wheelchair without a justifiable reason would necessitate the payment of Sadaqah.
• Endangering an animal.
• Getting rid of lice or locusts.
• Cutting trees or grass within the Haram's bounds.
• The above list is not exhaustive. Please see the tables below for a complete list of behaviors needing Sadaqah.